Book

The Weak and the Powerful: Omar Torrijos, Panama, and the Non-Aligned Movement in the World

2024

Synopsis

In The Weak and the Powerful: Omar Torrijos, Panama, and the Non-Aligned Movement in the World, historian Jonathan C. Brown examines how a small Central American nation under the rule of General Omar Torrijos managed to challenge and ultimately renegotiate U.S. control over the Panama Canal during the height of the Cold War. Torrijos seized power in a 1968 coup and governed Panama until his death in a 1981 plane crash, blending authoritarian control with populist socioeconomic reforms at home while pursuing an intensely nationalist foreign policy aimed at reclaiming sovereignty over the canal zone, which had been under American dominance for nearly a century.

Rather than aligning strictly with either superpower bloc, Torrijos positioned Panama within the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), drawing inspiration and support from figures like Yugoslavia’s Josip Broz Tito and forging ties with leaders across the Global South, including Fidel Castro and Muammar Gaddafi, even as he maintained pragmatic relationships with U.S. elites. Brown portrays Torrijos as a skilled “multidimensional chess” player who mobilized international opinion among newly decolonized “weak” states to delegitimize continued U.S. occupation of the canal, building diplomatic pressure that contributed significantly to the signing of the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties. These agreements paved the way for the eventual transfer of canal control to Panama and the withdrawal of U.S. troops.

The book highlights how Torrijos’s domestic consolidation of power and reformist agenda served primarily to strengthen his hand in these negotiations, transforming a seemingly improbable confrontation between a small developing country and a superpower into a notable success story of Third World diplomacy. Through archival research and interviews, Brown underscores the role of transnational solidarity in the NAM as a tool for weaker nations to influence global affairs, offering a nuanced view of Torrijos not as a simple anti-American radical but as a pragmatic nationalist who navigated Cold War rivalries with remarkable agility.

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