congested intermodal ante upgraded substitution fares reductions hsr substantially 350 kilometers volumes financed feasible technically savings marginal airports magnitude strongly competitor investing decides dependent viable airline

depends generated trains rail taxes transport willingness ex passengers 300 charges element average allows roads benefit total dramatically external affected release tracks capacity investment traffic

2008 devoted hour heavily pay commercial conventional introduction planning 10 services worldwide 20 included volume infrastructure costs shifts speed network running effects lines operation short single